the moment when an executive officer to general eisenhower was named ambassador to truman, went to russia right after the speech, had no instructions on installing column into the office at 1:00 a.m. in the morning and said it was the policy of the united states? and smith, not knowing whether it was the policy of the united states, but assuming whatever winston churchill would say must indeed be the policy of the united states, said yes. stalin went into the next room in which the shah's sister was come and announced to her that he was willing to pull russian troops out of iran who were there illegally.

and i believe, it was the first victory of the cold war. it is interesting that there has never been a book study of this most important speech. until the light, who is an amateur private scholar, actually, i don't think after the publication of this book i can say amateur anymore, because this is a wonderful history. all the reviews confirm this. john lucas has said about it, but i read are supreme test with considerable care and i recommended in pedigree. there's now an enormous literature about the cold war. the very little about how it actually came about, and almost nothing about this address. this book fills the gap. phil has been a writer and lecturer at the american nazarene university, a regular contributor to the historical society of boston university. he is a business writer and member of the public relations society of america. and he frequently -- he's a frequent contributor to canoe and kayak, which must somehow

have prepared him for this speech. it is a very good book about a very important topic, and you will be able to buy copies from our friends at barnes & noble in the hall, and bill simon afterwards. and also take your questions. ladies and gentlemen, it is a pleasure to introduce bill white. >> it is a pleasure to introduce philip white. [applause] i backup my. [applause] thank you to all of you. they give you great applause.

speaking of bribery, looking round the audience can i see a few familiar faces. and it is nice to know that in fact, lining the pockets is still a good wait way to get people to turn out for this type of thing. the rest of you are free to leave if the security guards will let you out. this week week i was rereading the college wins in my book, and was amazed by how many people were involved. and seeing all these names, i realized while it is indeed a book about history, about the struggle between tierney liberty, and about one of the defining moments of the 20th century, it is first and foremost a book about people. some of these you may not have

heard of until after this talk. living large, it is probably a narrative that you have heard of. winston churchill. there have been lots of books written about winston churchill, and he may have wondered why write another? while there have been many volumes on his early life, when he was warning of hitler's rise to power, and of course, on churchill's wartime triumph, little has been written about his postwar life and about how the speech came about. indeed, many people don't know that just weeks after millions of londoners shared churchill through the streets on d-day, i'm sorry, v-day, in may 1945, they voted him out of office in a landslide defeat.

it was the second worst election loss in the conservative party, when they gave the labor party's first majority government. during the campaign, the labor look forward to the post- world war it needs, caring for wounded soldiers, and constructing a well and healthy state. he failed to propose strong alternatives to lay his friends, and really, churchill's opponent, the head of the labor department think we just outworked him on the campaign trail. despite these facts, and the opponent holding a double-digit lead coming up to the elections, they convinced churchill he would still win. yes, when election day came in

july 1945, the voters wanted to move on from churchill's wartime coalition. the labor party was in. winston churchill at age 70 was out. churchill was a dynamo. he was a writer, he wrote many things, he juggled all of this with his political responsibilities, calling upon his secretaries through all hours of the day and night to transcribe his prose. little is written in his own hand. even to his wife. when his defeat came, he finished as a politician, would he ever again be able to return as leader? out of the british people neglect him after he had led them to victory over hitler?

all of these nagging questions plagued his mind. when he left the prime ministers weakened state, to what he assumed would be the last time, chester wrote a single or solemn word, the french word for finish. when his beloved wife, clementine, who sat at his side all these years, tried to cheer him up by telling him that the election defeat may actually be a blessing in disguise, he said very glumly, at this moment it seems to be quite effectively disguised. [laughter] another reason is that churchill had unfinished business with stalin. the russian people that have sacrificed so much, not churchill believed was being led by a man who wanted little different than what hitler had wanted in world war ii. namely, the expansion of his powers and his doctrine.

just days before the election results, churchill sat across the table from stolen at a conference in germany, where he was trying to make russia honor the declaration, which was signed by the russian prime minister, franklin roosevelt, and winston churchill himself just weeks before. they held it free european elections. the army had been liberated from tyranny come only to be replaced with a greater tyranny of communism. stone had broken promises one by one, setting up his own communist population in poland and refusing to withdraw the red army troops from iran. he wanted more german land and resources, and millions of people had already been

displaced. the russians also demanded military bases in turkey and access to the suez canal. the british trade route to the middle and far east. churchill had reluctantly accepted stalin as an ally when hitler turned on russia so faithfully in the summer of 1941. of course, initially, hitler and stalin were allies. but in hitler's paranoia come he had decided that he needed the roman morals and land of russia and had in fact gone back on his supposed ally. this told churchill all he needed to know about stalin and his promises. at the time, churchill needed russia to hold down against the germans on the eastern front, while britain and of course, soon, america, bought the axis in the west. but he had really despise communism from the beginning. calling it a pestilence and foisting his desire to strangle

bolshevism, which is another name for communism in its cradle. churchill has wanted to keep british troops in russia after world war i to help the anti-communist when the future of that country hung in the balance. the british prime minister, david lloyd george and american president woodrow wilson had vetoed this. at its core, churchill believed this went against the nature of the very soul, because it denied personal freedom and liberty for the sake of an all controlling police state. in russia and at this point, across most of eastern europe, stalinist told people how to live, what to think, and would work, and virtually every other aspect of their existence. there was no room for creativity persecution only to religion, and there was no room for

debate. the kgb encourage people to turn in friends and family members who they thought had own communist views. and what was the punishment for such a crime as people were accused of? >> it was the harsh siberian labor camps in which many died of hypothermia, starvation, and overwork. tens of thousands of people under stalin's reign. since coming to power in 1922, stalin had in fact killed up to 30 million of his own firms and industry, mass purges and execution of anyone who he thought would oppose him the only news that russians could debt was by state-controlled radio and newspapers. the propaganda ministry employed hundreds whose long job it was to convince russians that not

only was communism inherently good and capitalism bad, but also that life in democratic countries was miserable. many believe these lies because they knew nothing else. really, they have been brainwashed by the kremlin into what was, in many ways, the cult of communism. the people of russia and eastern europe needed a passport to move around inside their own countries. we cannot imagine this level of control. now we go back to 1945 when hitler defeated winston churchill -- winston churchill recognized democratic system of the west. he had written to harry truman in may of 1945 event here. he had been voted out of power. he wanted to warn truman that stalin was bringing down an iron curtain across europe.

as russia morphed into the soviet union, the abuses of communism spread across eastern europe. british and american diplomats were followed, harassed, and even expelled. no foreign journalists were allowed in. you can see dictators in syria, iran, north korea, where they get their inspiration for censorship of the media and walked down or strangle hold on social media sites on the internet. in poland, several thousand people were sent horrifyingly to the very concentration prison camps that the allies, and in some cases, the red army had liberated it. of course, soviet officials wanted to stop word of these abuses from leaking out and those subjected to paranoia and depression end. the government he set up his anything but representative. in time, the way moskal rewarded the heroic patriots of the

polish underground movement, who had fought the entire length of the war against the nazi occupation was by sending them to prison or indeed to their death. russia was a country, let us remember, that sent many of its old soldiers -- own soldiers to death, in case they had been influenced by the propaganda. churchill allowed them to right the wrongs, and it also prevented him from getting to know who truman, who he realized was the one person in the world whose actions could possibly prevent the spread of communism and prevent and avert a third world war. he believed if he could sit down and talk with stalin, which harry truman sitting alongside, he could gain the concessions needed to safeguard democracy. ..

for whatever reason it didn't gain much attention either in britain, the u.s. or elsewhere. he also shared his years with

the canadian prime minister whom he told russia was running one european country after another much as hitler had done. so why did churchill's first public warning came communism? there were several reasons. first, the british and american people didn't want to hear anything about about the supposed allies falling. the media have portrayed this kind and will show uncle joe and made him out to be a kind of the family relatives that would sit down and tell stories and causing it to churchill and fdr and truman. the use these terms in the memos to each other and their opinion as much as it was after world war i. people would do anything to avoid another war. of course they've always come home at least those that have

made it home and their families could not entertain sending their young men back to fight communist russia. then there was also the feeling of postwar optimism to consider. who wants to hear the bad news out that hitler and his cronies defeat, people just wanted to get on with their lives in peace time and not war. regardless, churchill knew that he had to get through to them. communism is a harmless experiment with a new form of government not to tickled in america and indeed with the victory in britain there too. churchill knew deep down that while he enjoyed the company and thought he could influence him on a one-on-one basis that he couldn't be trusted. and with hundreds of thousands of russian troops still stationed in western europe and the red army controlling all of eastern berlin where they were backing of leaders trying to fill the void, churchill

recognized the backs of britain and america were well against wall or has he had termed it an iron curtain. as with hitler churchill knew that just getting stolen a few concessions wasn't appealing instead this would just encourage the soviets to keep grasping for more land, more control and indeed more power. karl marx manifesto shows that communism was inherently expansionist confirming churchill's worst fears. winston churchill believed that only a reconciliation between france and germany a tight bond between britain and america and active diplomacy backed by the west military superiority had any hope of preventing communism from spreading like the disease that he believed it to be. but churchill needed a platform. his post where victory on the artery degree on this and that

across britain and the holiday in monte carlo in september of 1945 for all well and good but churchill was foremost a man of action. the question was where and when could he speak the truth about communism to an attentive audience? so it was in october of 1945 and invite came to him by the u.s. state department mail from the most unlikely venue imaginable westminster college in missouri -- no, that's right it doesn't say 3,000, just 300 students. and now frank who if technology doesn't fail me we see him with his wife was the president of westminster and he had an old classmate who now happens to be military aid in truman's white house and as we all know, truman

like his old boy is better than anybody as the misery gang along with a lasting complementary right-wing press. he earned his nickname as a fierce member of the debate team had the idea of asking churchill to speak at not westminster london in the parliament but westminster college misery. he managed to get him five minutes with truman in the oval office. the president who was from misery as we had already found out, i don't know who put that in their, liked the invite and in fact he said it's a good letter and postscript so he took up the pen and scribbled this is a wonderful school in my home state. hope you can do it. i will introduce you and he handed it back and said you sent that to him. he landed other names in the

past the new york city mayor gloria and you may have flown through the airport but there is his name and at the time the new fbi director jay edgar hoover they both had spoken of westminster college because the invitation but churchill, winston churchill was in another category altogether. he was confident of the success and things that even with truman's help it was a long shot after all churchill received dozens of of hundreds of invitations every month asking him to come and grace colleges like stanford and oxford with his presence and most of them he turned down if they offered him the army of secretaries. but when churchill read the notes and got to the bottom and saw truman's addendum he knew this wasn't, this was his opportunity for the president of the united states introducing churchill the world would have to be watching and listening. so despite the odds, from

westminster college he had done it. churchill and truman were coming in march of 1946. unfortunately he didn't really know what he bargained for and is seemed pretty easy to write and certainly nice getting to go to the white house but soon enough the question came to his mind how on earth is this town as 8,000 people going to accommodate tens of thousands of visitors coming here to see the two most famous men in the world? so to try to overcome this logical nightmare to have every conceivable detail, housing, safety, policing, communications, even toilets. they did have a toilet kennedy worryingly enough. now, he didn't do all this work alone. so he hired the publicists and worked around the clock with

them even while hooley during to restore the westminster college to the prosperity because of course any mail over the age of 17 had been trucked eligible and it was only his negotiating that had in fact kept the college going when the government agreed to host a naval training program for the cadets. as the westminster college had lots of room with a free hotel for a hundred miles and even opened the door to its fraternity houses which being a christian school were not as raucous of those of the largest in the state but nonetheless he opened the door to the journalists and radio station staff who couldn't fit into the hotel. newspapers across america and indeed the world carried news of the unlikely triumph and churchill's emineth arrival in the town of churchill and indeed boast of the people reading about this had never heard of to be perfectly honest. no more than 15,000 possibly as

many as 20,000 requests for only 2800 tickets flatted into the tiny college mailroom which was about the size of the podium and possibly smaller. nobody was allowed to hand out more than two tickets to anyone so the ticket allocation didn't get out of hand but this meant he had to oversee virtually every request and of course most people wanted to tickets and in the case of one letter to 18 which seems as audacious as if in fact was. in the five churches the seemingly endless numbers of the associations in the town offered help but it would still be a huge shortage so they enlisted the help in st. louis to deliver aid falls and pounds of hot dogs and 3,000 pounds of hamburger as one does. delayed thousands of yards of telephone cables turning the sidewalks into temporary

construction sites and even the homeless and season the turmoil and they have a new turf in case churchill wanted one of his famous and well-publicized and a couple of them in europe give up the room to former prime minister could take the customary afternoon nap. journalists and photographers from more than 200 which was once the trading capital of the midwest and now spoke for the factories, the funds that surrounded the town and the wide assortment declined to drag which consisted of about three-fourths and while they were in their army of volunteers got everything ready, winston churchill was journeying down to miami in florida where he was to spend a few weeks of the home of the canadian colonel flake clark who he met during the war.

churchill loved to paint and several canvases of the ocean. he also written by one local reporter overgrown peace the five-year-old. attending a horse race event, and i apologize if anyone is here from florida the race track with its famous enfield populates it of all things like pink flamingos for churchill back decouple. he also took a job on a plane that had been lent to him by president harry truman because as we know they have little things like planes. so they went down to havana which hadn't yet come under the communist rule, and more importantly for churchill could acquire the soon to be banned trademark cigars. reporters followed churchill everywhere and one of the medical time to relax.

in fact one argument between she and clementine, his wife, was so intense according to the study the 26-year-old secretary who was present in the trip churchill's's couldn't speak to each other or look at each other for today's and anyone married in the audience may or may not know what i am talking about. [laughter] - only joking of course. churchill also had certain business to attend to. he met with a finance year and secretary of state about the proposed $3.75 billion loan to britain with many isolationists in the republican and democratic parties were dead set against not least because america had already pumped billions into the effort. in february of 1946 after a few weeks in miami churchill's live from there to washington to meet truman with the plane going through the snow storm to hit the capital enter. because they were not wearing

seat belts why would you if you are trying to smoke cigars and a drink whatever they were drinking, scotch probably churchill and the group landed on the metal floor of the military aircraft. it was no first class luxury to winston churchill. the plane landed safely and once at the white house churchill talks with truman for several hours about the speech that was to come. churchill worked on the speech that had a working title of world peace and earnest for hours at that time. he's all input from those he trusted showing or reading drugs with secretary of state, the admiral, canadian prime minister mackenzie and british ambassador lord halifax to name just a few. halifax recalled later the first time churchill read the draft to him he was so passionate tears

welled in his eyes and started trickling down his cheeks. churchill was certainly never a man lacking passion just reading a first draft. he was diligent in the speechwriting and one history and claims he devoted one hour every minute of his speeches in the house of commons to just relentlessly rating. imagine that if you can is 60 minute speech would have been 60 hours and as we know by churchill he liked to speak, so in fact many of them may have taken 60 hours to prepare it in my research i found he went even further with what was soon known as the iron curtain speech spending more time on it and showing it to more people than any other and though he did collaborate and accepted many suggestions, the fact remains that like any of their petition of that time, winston churchill wrote his own speeches and wrote this one dictating change after change with his beleaguered overworked secretary the

26-year-old who probably didn't know what she was in for when she said i will go for a sunshine vacation in miami with you. she wasn't alone. they had held from one of the assistance and they were tasked with so many barriers to the to invariables they sent down an extra secretary from washington, d.c. to help. when they were summoned to go through churchill's notes in the 175th time, the assistance, and soon the third 1 cent down from washington sorted through hundreds of adoring letters that arrived each week. the only person getting more mail was who continued getting requests for tickets as the speech dated march 5th crept up and the technology doesn't fail me we can see the associates joe humphreys and the president of the board of trustees at westminster poring over some of the letters and indeed the map

of the proposed route. now we can't remember what the next slide is so we are going to go with it in a moment. on march 4th churchill again flew to washington under no and on the circumstances and have less headaches figuratively and he, truman and truman's advisers along with about 65 reporters who fancied a trip to missouri as one took the presidential trip to st. louis only 150 miles and then on to the jefferson city misery. one of my favorite parts in the story he positioned himself as a gambler to the president of the problem was of course that truman and his aides played a lot of poker and the former prime minister soon found himself in quite a whole. when churchill took a bathroom break major general, the man who helped bring churchill leaned over to his boss harry truman and said boss, he's a pigeon.

before the game, truman was worried that his boys wouldn't be competitive enough and he urged them to play hard because as he said national honor is at stake. truman told him to go easy and they even through a few hands for him but somehow churchill stilled managed to have $200 by the end of the night. [laughter] inexpensive trip indeed. the same evening churchill told truman and his gang he was serving the british army in south africa and by diligent effort had come to light. later in the journey truman finally looked at the speech even though he planned not to so he could distance himself if it was criticized as both him and churchill assumed it would be and churchill the title with a speech by this time. when troy's press secretary

which unsurprisingly was another from misery and had won a pulitzer prize for the st. louis post-dispatch took this valuable copy and had he only made 1i don't know what would have happened if he caught it on fire with a cigar but they only had one and he took it down to the 65 reporters writing in the front cars of the train and ready for somebody to copy it as long hand which i'm glad i didn't have his job. but anyway, they couldn't believe it, the press corps, when all 65 of them crammed into these tiny little compartments of the train. they just couldn't believe churchill wrote his own speeches as they'd never heard of an american politician or a british one who did. no wonder they are so good, said one "new york times" writer. he actually writes them himself. the trip was beneficial to churchill who was of course eager to share his views on communism with the president

with the post were trudges the time to get it was useful for truman. churchill had been in high office for more than 30 years while truman had been president for less than a year and on his resume had been fine and managing a men's clothing store that failed during the depression right here in kansas city missouri. this is quite the time for truman to get to know one of the preeminent statesman. when he spent a few minutes on the train platforms and louis before the change trains, harry truman wave to a little boy that had come to see the president that day but despite his grandmothers leave the boys would just not with that kind of know that face. truman joked with the mayor of st. louis standing on the side and said you must be republican. [laughter]

now we are going to have a little look at the slide. it's beautiful. what we find here? arriving in jefferson city churchill and truman were greeted by the misery governor philip donnelly who gave churchill yet another box of cuban cigars as if he really needed any more after getting hundreds on his trip to havana, but he appreciated the gesture. also there to meet him was the man whose audacity and never say die spirit remained possible frank from westminster college. after they shook hands and exchanged a few kind words they hopped in the governor's brand new shiny black two-point big enough i believe to accommodate the city at least. he showed his human side honoring by waving to a

chronically ill doctor propped up at the hotel bedroom window. on the outskirts of jefferson city, things were not going well on his big day to be a smoke billowed from the card-carrying aaa and truman and not just from the endless supply of lit cigars. they clamored out as the car ran to an unceremonious on plan calls churchill's's secretary got out of the vehicle to offer a brief game of musical chairs and running around and chaos the group was ready again to go on its way. in fulton people have started arriving at dawn and the dozens that lined the main drag were doing a trade. on the streets of vendors sold brightly colored pens and american flags with churchill and truman in belize and either

across or ascending the american flag below them and the balloon sellers sold them to local children. it was a fairground atmosphere in this small town. by the time churchill and truman's car came to the edge of the city more than 25,000 people jammed the streets and thought they could find profit in the doorways or the courthouse steps and even in the second and first floor window to get a better view. many more would have come as the local radio stations hadn't scared them off by overcrowding and bad weather but despite the predictions it was unusually warm for march and looking at the photos and video footage from the parade of i was amazed how vulnerable churchill looked in the open top cars despite the troops declined almost every intersection but of course jfk's fateful trip to dallas was many

years away and presidential security was still very much a work in progress. crowds lined the sidewalk, three bands played and the cheering was almost deafening as they rode past. internals person his familiar pose this debate to a cigar between his list and figures and a peace sign with colorful banners above him blowing in the breeze. truman as impeccably dressed as you would expect from the former owner of the kansas the clothing store smiled and waved at the crowd. the state wasn't just about the famous scare with a man who brought them there but also those that had come from far to see this and this is one of my favorite parts of the book being able to conduct many interviews until the stories of a few of the people. in fact he is here with us this evening and i think him for

dignifying us with his presence and come in all this way. thank you. on the sidewalk by the gas station worst full-year engine red pumps, ham sandwiches and dr. pepper that he bought from a local cafe that morning he was quite the entrepreneur even at age 14 and had them in a heavy coolers for the business streets. a few blocks down bill johnson's of a special edition of the gazette until his hands turned black then he climbed onto the roof of the insurance company so he could get a better view of churchill and truman as they drove past. after circling through the town they went up on to the hilltop campus with as we saw in the previous picture if i can get back there it was kind crescent shaped. there we are.

now churchill and truman were being asked constantly to turnaround. let's get another photograph of you. turnaround. and the obliged as many times as they could but finally it was time to go in and house about 65 people that they including the guest of honor. giving up the front steps getting on to the porch, churchill asked the development as he walked up there, may i bring this old stogie into your home? she was used to her husband's pipe smoking and agreed and really could she turned on the world's most famous a cigar smoker? then they shook hands. she remembered later that churchill's's hands were very soft almost like a baby which struck me as an alladi and telling description to beta was a huge is you might imagine rules, sound, mashed potatoes

from a good old missouri feast. churchill was impressed most by the giant hammer that had been carrying for weeks and he turned and said the page has reached the highest point of its evolution in this ham. [laughter] so she considered that a job well done. here we see a picture taken just after lunch of governor philip donnelly of misery and mr. churchill himself as harry truman sharing a laugh about something or another probably the ham comment. at around 2 p.m. the police and the secret service began letting people in and many people lined up outside the had a ticket and were able to get one for the canvas. with all of the floor dresses and freshly pressed suits it seemed to be at least to resemble a fancy wedding. almost 200 reporters and photographers were on a

makeshift platform suspended precariously above the gym floor to read in the basement cables sneaked around under the chairs and tables and western union operators set up their typewriters checking paper and ribbons. as churchill was taking his afternoon nap so luckily they had in fact given up his bid for a reason he was all the more satisfying and do to the peace that he just consumed and that famous ham harry truman was a little concerned with one detail that it had been overlooked and the was to get churchill his customary free-speech. fulton was in a dry county but truman, knowing that his friend knew many people in the town sent him to the crowd and luckily he did in fact run into an old friend and he knew everyone there outside of the

home and send them off - and into town and came back a few minutes later checking that there were no local alcohol police or whatever they would be called the small bottle carefully tucked into his jacket pocket getting an ice bucket and glasses he made his way upstairs and went for what he hoped was the correct bedroom door. a somewhat frustrated winston churchill ushered him in his mood certainly improved when he saw the reason for this outrageous intrusion was. fang tignes, he said, i was starting to wonder whether i was involved in missouri or sahara. laughter to after they shared a drink they went downstairs and churchill was startled by a photographer's flash bulb braking and nearby a few minutes before this and he turned to

truman and said their must be a russian in the house. a few minutes before the speech churchill, truman and the rest joined in the academic procession that members of the college secret society. if you've had the pleasure of attending the series at westminster college, the most recent of which was this past weekend you will know the speakers today are still led to the party and in this manner, and there we see churchill in a few moments a technical misery notwithstanding we get to watch a little video so you can stop listening to me for a moment, but we will see. it is very hot inside of the current-gen as you expect. the gym was built to hold about 500 people but in fact they jam the 2800 so even with the windows open and was getting a little sticky and if they wished they left their jackets at home. churchill did fer get his coat

and sent a baffled and beleaguered aide running after him to find it and unfortunately when he got back to the stage, churchill changed his mind and looked at him like he was crazy. but georgia after harry truman's kind introduction of the podium had the sticky overheated crowd putting him at ease and joking that like them, she too had been schooled west minister of a win his case in the house of commons at westminster england. churchill then claimed to be a private citizen speaking for himself, but truly harry truman's jury presence on the stage and in his home state engulfed with his friends had to say. churchill began talking about american power and responsibility and then said as you may recognize if you're familiar with the title of the book but the supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the

horrors and misery of another war. he then called for a strong active united nations and for britain, canada and the united states to keep their shared secrets intact secret in case they fell into the hands of katella terrie in the government's so at this point in the speech he didn't name the government he had in mind. next he explored those brought by world war ii and warned against being drawn to the global catastrophic conflict. he then moved on to what he called the second of the orders manly tierney. churchill told the crowd the society for different than american or indeed britain if it was an all controlling police state and where there were in fact no rights to the individual whatsoever. this tierney, he said, was the

opposite of those liberal space values we still cherished today to rule of law, he elected government, freedom of speech and expression is no coincidence that the anniversary of thomas jefferson noted inauguration speech had been just a baby for churchill spoke and what could prevent the fall of these values and the spread of tierney, churchill asked his audience. nothing less than a special relationship between britain and the united states to build what he called a temple of peace. >> however, standing in the way was the threat of expansionist communism as churchill gave name to and let's watch if we have a short clip of what churchill said next. my good grief.

>> we will read it to you and stop if the video comes back. [inaudible] across the continent through the capitol of the ancient states of central vienna, budapest and the relations [inaudible] not only did the soviet input but a very high and in some cases increasing from moscow.

>> he said it better than i would have. we talk of the many soviet misdeeds and among them displacing many of germans from their homes trying to destabilize eastern western europe to prevent at all costs democracy from being established in berlin making outrageous demands in turkey and iran and backing of the communist takeover attempt in china or manchuria as he called it. he then stated that most need for active diplomacy backed by military strength instead of russia but there's nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. churchill then linked his warning about communism through his standing of the alarm bell

before world war ii but wanted listeners to know the first time in case they had forgotten no one would listen, and one by one we were all sucked into the world surely i could it to you, ladies and gentlemen, you must not let that happen again. america and britain were a crossroads church believed to possible past said to act on the threat of communism will send them all back to the war for the third time he contended for britain and the world to go down that path where he said the high ridge of the future will be clear not only for us but for all moly for our time but for a century to come as we research

the aftermath of this of churchill's the five speeches. they define the problems of the first world war, -- excuse me, the first post war and one that ushered in the cold war but at the time, churchill was plastered on both sides of the frantic and both sides of the aisle despite the speech being called the centers of peace press and politicians called him and in pure realist an old tory perhaps while even stalin himself called churchill a warmonger and insinuated it was in fact churchill that wanted with three and domination even as we've heard on the train of we couldn't hold back the

curiosity they filed a motion of churchill in the house of commons hundreds of protesters gathered outside of the waldorf-astoria hotel in new york where church-state later on the trip chanting g.i. joe is home to stay, winnie, winnie, go away. but several hours later in another speech at the waldorf-astoria, churchill stuck to his guns and gold defiantly i do not wish to withdraw or modify a single word we can benefit from such resolution, such strengthened such conviction today. despite this reaction, churchill's the five words affected u.s. policy immediately in addition to the anecdotes which we kindly share earlier that very day that churchill was the podium secretary of state

james said strong warnings to moscow about russia meeting to leave iran at once as it had promised and asking to detail the chinese communists. a month before churchill went to foltin, truman and his team had george kennon's long telegram that shared the main points of churchill's's message. he wanted to spread communism and gain control and influence world wide. is it against democracy and the only active diplomacy backed by military strength was the way forward and the way to secure a lasting peace of which both kennon hoard and churchill spoke. the following year in 1947, truman announced the doctrine of containing russia in a speech at harvard. harvard of course was a quite different setting from

westminster college both a small school had dignified itself just as much on its day as that great institution did on there's. this is followed in time by the marshall plan which helped reconstruct western europe and as churchill and kennon had hoped to create a bolster against expansionist communism. despite his predictions and in fact his political career was over after his election in july, 1945 which i remind you again he was 70-years-old at this time. churchill did indeed become prime minister for a second time in 1952 and from this point until the end of his career he devoted all his energy sometimes neglecting domestic policy as many historians have written. churchill wanted to go on a lonely pilgrimage to moscow to

organize three parts of russia and america as he suggested first and dalton missouri. he achieved neither but in the long run churchill fought from summit diplomacy and indeed the words of the summit coined the phrase when churchill spoke of them influenced the next generations of leaders in britain and even russia itself. so what is the legacy of the iron curtain speech now. the speech after all delivered almost 66 years of its day churchill's inherently right of communism is a global force. next is the impact of churchill's policy effective diplomacy backed by strength we saw the marks on everyone from john f. kennedy and his handling of the cuban missile crisis to richard nixon and his ability to sit down at the summit as churchill had said with the

russian leaders. indeed, jfk was an avid reader of the speeches and is a prize-winning book after one of churchill's's and he made churchill the second on every foreign citizen of the united states and in his memoir, richard nixon credited churchill with profoundly influencing his ideas on foreign policy and the way that he talks with his russian counterparts in the years to come. and then a few years later we see the influence of churchill's words and example on ronald reagan and churchill's's natural margaret thatcher and the way that they moved the special relationship for word evin mckeldin gorbachev announced the role of churchill's speech in defining the way forward without resorting all mutually destructive war they teach us here in this room the soviet union is in fact no more.

in this age in which we have grown cynical towards our politicians we often dismiss a good speaker on either side has some one that is just using words to pull one over on us on someone that has a lot to say he for the right speaker at the right time has the power to breathe a nation into being as with the declaration of independence it has the power to inspire us and fight back against tyranny as churchill himself in his first broadcast he warned hitler which it never surrender, and it has the power to inspire our suppose it enemy to change as did ronald reagan who when speaking in berlin in 1987 and employed the kill gorbachev to tear down the wall, the very welcome the berlin wall that marks the iron curtain that churchill had spoken of in

misery on that fateful day. neither we nor the leaders should forget the impact of the words spoken with conviction with courage and a deep desire for lasting peace. we also live in a time where politicians have depended on the marxists constantly adjusting their positions to suit the ever-changing whims of public opinion. in contrast, winston churchill had demonstrated that to lead you have to be willing to speak hard truth even when you know they will a.q. khan popular. and then when you are criticized as we saw from the staunch defense of his words of the waldorf-astoria hotel you must be willing to stand your ground and not retract the focus group telling to retract. politicians should be able to remind us who we are as a nation, what we believe and why.

the relationship between churchill and harry truman also holds valuable timeless lessons for us now. churchill was a conservative and truman was a liberal much as fdr had been before him. yet the way the men put their interest of their nation's and the world above their ideological differences offers a lesson to the elected and would be elected officials of today. we can look at history to see what a true alliance and genuine by partisanship for what we throw around somehow devaluing it i feel truly looked like. chortle and truman showed that when it comes to writing the bills of the world the big problem between the party lines pointing fingers or finger-pointing sick pending should become irrelevant such are then merely a distraction from the supreme task we all

face. as a society we are crying out for the kind of brave principles and collaborative leadership model by harry truman and winston churchill in fulton misery in march of 1946. indeed today we face for our very way of life and her bosom and from rogue states like iran, north korea and syria some of which are attempting to acquire nuclear weapons much as russia was when churchill spoke. it often seems like there are two ways only come strength as a preemptive strike and weakness are mere words and talking. but in my book i explained that churchill offers us a middle course. as he said in his iron curtain speech we must always pursue diplomacy to its very end but it must be backed by strength and willingness to stand by our allies in good times and bad. as churchill said you must never cease to proclaim in featureless

tone the great principles of freedom and the rights of men which in the joint inheritance of the english-speaking world and what can we learn from the college president whose ambitious plan brought churchill here in the first place against all odds? i think if we have a goal in mind, an idea and inspiration we should pursue it no matter how unrealistic it may seem of the time and if we commit to the excellence that each of us are capable of then perhaps we too can leave a lasting mark on the world else winston churchill on the fateful day in march 1946. thank you. [applause]

[applause] >> we will take some questions. i think we have time for a few. >> can we use a microphone, please. >> extremely impressive presentation. churchill has been a hero of mine since i was a child, and i've been much aware of the fact that he had problems with stuttering and you mentioned his delivery. can you comment on his speech impediment and how that affected his incredible delivery of all

speeches? >> certainly. i think that he came to use it as a distinguishing mark for example the unique pronunciation , and it was something that once he became aware of it and the fact that nothing was going to change she just really didn't see it as a handicap and in fact often rode stage directions on the small note cards he put in one corner of the podium, and i think that was partly dramatic of all great actors of the world state news, but also perhaps to let them gather himself after each meaningful statement. >> thank you. yes, right here. >> you are very critical in writing this book especially those that attended west mr. i

grew up in west minister 1954, eight years after the speech. my aunt made the cake for winston churchill and my family from callaway county my ancestors, so we are very proud of that little town, and i urge everyone that hasn't been there to drop by on their way to st. louis. it's just 7 miles off kingdom city. when i was at westminster there was a fellow that i hadn't met that we met on the same basketball court. his name was not -- chuck goozwell and we almost came to blows but after that we got along fine. i wonder what ever happened to

him. [laughter] >> after the speech i had understood that the phrase iron curtain wasn't in the text but it was purely extemporaneous bich hershel at that time and. do you have a comment on that? >> yes, there were actually several versions of the speech which are held by debt churchill archives in cambridge and yes, she did indeed mark up in the margins several minutes before hand a few additional comments, yes, the fact of that was not in the press was i believe one of the reasons was reported by the press they hadn't been expecting it and the copies to press had with them the official title of

peace wasn't which in contrast is why it was long forgotten when compared to the noble stand by speech but this your observation is correct. >> great speech. [applause] it was everything i heard from to your attention on what he said. it is not so natural flow of his words that i heard 15 years later in visiting his home south of london about 15 miles he explained to me that in preparing for his speech

churchill has his own studio next to the bedroom he has a podium he writes about and he practices his speech for up to two hours until he has a down. so it sounds natural but he is prepared. thank you. [applause] >> do you feel like there would have been a rhetorical that that we really needed at that time as a unifying factor in the west if the speech hadn't been delivered for someone like that on the international stage and have come forward and delivered that?

what are your thoughts on that? >> i do believe that, and as i mentioned that is where an american diplomat george kennon had been in moscow for many years and was considered the top man on russian affairs by the state department had prefaced this speech in some ways and so that helped truman and his top advisers to become used to churchill's's message and navy have a preview of it you could say before they actually read the draft, and i think while he was considered the experts and had written at a 15 page memo, george kennan did not consider himself a very good speaker, and so wouldn't have been the man that would have wanted to and he's a jew would be fired if you didn't do it to deliver that and of course within moscow hit with have been vulnerable to that activity if he had, and so, while there were others that shared churchill's's believes about the division and really what kennon called the

incompatibility between democracy and communism, which of course is laid out in the communist manifesto as well, it was only winston churchill who could localize it and it's particularly artful way and while it didn't invent the term of the iron curtain it was a term where it was a fire prevented it and it's quite possible that churchill had heard this term in the german propaganda minister used in the end of the war it was churchill who mobilized the term and of course the special relationship and i think that his standing even though he wasn't from minister, his worldwide recognition and the fact that he was known as a great orator combined with the fact truman had invited him not just to america let to a small college in my home state gave it to the

gravitas that was needed to get this message out to the world so yes i think it would have left a voice and i am not sure who or what the fed would have filled that. >> one last question. >> wallsten let's thank mr. white. [applause] my experience with the "don't ask, don't tell" is an interesting. i graduated in 2009 and shortly after went to my training and was blackmailed by my instructor changing my test scores, harassing me constantly and with the help of the service member's i turned in on my instructor and that instructor in the of

turning around and elving me. i was removed from my job and they took away my ability to access computers and i worked the chaplain's office during this time and secretary gates came out with a new policy on the third party that will not allow any more against me personally but during the process i got so frustrated with a mask "don't ask, don't tell" and decided to turn around and help create out serve where we could start to not work together and kind of collectively voice our concerns to the military and the public and a lot of people are held serve members and what we did is just using the social media we started to connect the soldiers around the world with 4700 members across the globe able to meet on a regular basis we have that support right now that you can post the don't ask don't tell.

we agree to do the project i think it's important to give the courage there are people in the military right now and i remember reading in the book just getting encouraged from that putting up these stories they are serving and realize that there are so many of us out there and second of all to change their mind. when i gave the look to someone at this was a duty to against alaska "don't ask, don't tell" a day later he came back to me and she was crying like i really had no idea that this is a fact that people went through under "don't ask, don't tell" so there were the goals in doing this process.

>> welcome to boston where the communicators is on location for the 2012 cable show. the next three weeks we will be bringing you some of the videos that we conducted on telecommunications policy issues. this week michael powell, president and ceo at the national cable telecommunications association we talked with him as well as the chairman of time warner cable and here are those interviews. >> michael powell president and ceo of the cable telecommunications association through this we get the cable show you had a sit-down interview that chairman genachowski, and chairman tchaikovsky talked about the fact that shared services agreements needed closer attention. what is your view on that? >> it is a subject that has come out instantly in the course about the transition consent and

i think it was meant to signal one area they may have some concerns when people are bundling power through the combination of the shared agreements there may be something in there from the public policy perspective that concerns them. all i assume that is what he was focused on but i have heard much more beyond that. it's interesting that they are focused on it and we will see what comes of that. >> certainly for some of my members it is. it's been a touchy issue in the association for the programmers and operators but there are certainly operators that are strenuously continue to be concerned about the rising program costs and particularly in the broadcast with transition consent. ..